第36节
【】fortheholylandbegan,theyoharansportation problefthethousandsofeagerpilgriwhowere claringforpassage,andattheendofthecrusadesthey hadbuilttheelvessuchstrongdefencesofbridofgold thattheyulddefypopeandeerorhequalindifference. churdstatefoughteachotherandathirdpartythe diaevalcityranahthespoils. thecrusades butallthesedifferentquarrels teurks tooktheholyland,desecratedthe holypladinterferedseriously eastto .europecrusading duringthreeturiestherehadbeenpeacebetians andsleexceptinspainandieron eire,thetatesdefendiewaysofeurope. thehaedanshavingnqueredsyriaintheseventh turyheholyland.buttheyregarded jesusasagreatprophetthoughnotquiteasgreat ashaed,andtheydidnotinterferes oprayinthehhelena,the theroftheeerornstantine,hadbuiltoof theholygrave.butearlyintheeleveury,atartar tribefroheheseljuksorturks, beohaedanstateineasiaand thentheperiodoftoleraoaheturkstook allofasianoratheeasteroneerors andtheydeaothetradebetand. alexis,theeeror,hingofhischristian neighboursofthe,appealedforhelpandpoio thedangerhreatenedeuropeshouldtheturkstake nstantinople. theitaliancitiesablishedloniesalongthe astofasianorandpalestine,infearfortheirpossessions, reportedterriblestoriesofturkishatrohristian suffering.alleuropegotexcited. popeurbanii,afrens,whohadbeen educatedatthesafauscloisterofyhhad trainedgregoryvii,thoughtthatthetihadefor a.thegeneralstateofeuropesatisfactory. thepritiveagriculturalthodsofthatdayunged sinescausedanstantsityoffood.there ployntandhungerandtheseareapttoleadto disandriots.illions. itgration. thereforeattheunontinfraheyear 1095thepopearose,describedtheterriblehorrorshe infidelshadinflictedupontheholyland,gaveaglowing descriptionofthisuntryoses <,andexhortedthe knightsoffrahepeopleofeuropeio leavetheturks. aeriasacrossthe. allreasonstopped.nrandsaw, oftheirshopandtaketheroadtotheeast togoandkillturks.childreo``go topalestineandbrierribleturkstotheirkneesby thereappealoftheiryouthfulzealandchristiay. fullyniypertofthoseenthusiastshin sightoftheholyland.theyhadheywere foreadanger tothesafetyofthehighroadsandtheyhe angryuntrypeople. thefirstcrusade,aobofhochristians,defaulting bankrupts,pennilessnoblenandfugitivesfroustice, folloitander paignagainsttheinfidelsby rderingallthejetheytbythehey gotasfarashungaryaheywereallkilled. thisexperien aloheholylandfree.anisationwas asnecessaryasgoodin trainingandequippinganarof200,000n.theywere pladerndofgodfreyofbouillon,robert,duke ofnorndy,robert,untofflanders,andanuerof otheoblen,allexperieheartofwar. intheyear1096thissendcrusadestarteduponitslong voyage.atnstantiheknightsdidhogetothe eeror.forasihavetoldyou,traditionsdiehard,and aroneeror,hoillheld irespect.thentheycrossedintoasia,killedallthe sleedjerusalessacred thehaedanpopulation,andrchedtotheholy sepulidsttearsofpietyand gratitude.butsoourksrengthehearrival offreshtroops.theookjerusalendintu killedthefaithfulfollohecross. durituries,sevenothercrusadestook place.graduallythecrusadersleaedtheteiqueofthe trip.thelandvoyageootediousandtoodangerous. theypreferredtocrossthealpsandgotogenoaorvenice heytookshipfortheeast.thegeheveians dethistransditerraneanpassengerserviceavery profitablebusiheychargedexorbitantrates,andwhen theoneyuldnot paytheprice,theseitalian``profiteerskindlyallo to``venice toaountof fightingfortheohisly increasedherterritoryalooftheadriatidin greece,eaveianlony,andinthe islandsofcyprusaeandrhodes. allthis,hotleilingthequestion oftheholyland.afterthefirstenthusiasad epartoftheliberal educationofeveryan,andthere neveresforservipalestine. buttheoldzealhecrusaders,who hadbeguntheirhdeephatredforthe haedansaloveforthechristianpeople oftheeasteroneireandarnia,suffered apleteetodespisethe greeksofbyzantiuandfrequentlybetrayed theeniansandallthe otherlevantineraces,andtheybegantoappreciatethevir tuesoftheireneesobegenerousandfair oppos. ofurse,itosaythisopenly.butwhen thecrusaderretued ...